<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8609400255966489729</id><updated>2011-04-21T20:29:14.219-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Stress ...</title><subtitle type='html'>... is considered to be the inevitable outcome of a system that incorporates every gesture into a global competition for resources. According to André Lepecki it is a condition that announces the brutal inscription of a system of production pushing the body's endurance to ever new limits. Be it for the better or the worse or just the sake of it.</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://stress-root.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8609400255966489729/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://stress-root.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>root</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01605959663627661585</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='20' src='http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1385/1059788983_4ab255c933.jpg?v=0'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>7</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8609400255966489729.post-7553864960979771068</id><published>2007-09-15T13:54:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-02-12T07:01:30.996-08:00</updated><title type='text'>why you are keeping (on) failing and we are keeping (on) succeeding (especially when you're german and we're not).</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp2.blogger.com/_Q3W9T8fMXuU/SHgA5FNIoQI/AAAAAAAAAH8/SfikAoU9qFM/s1600-h/herbst.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp2.blogger.com/_Q3W9T8fMXuU/SHgA5FNIoQI/AAAAAAAAAH8/SfikAoU9qFM/s400/herbst.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5221924748585902338" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"&gt;intro&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt; / &lt;/span&gt;stress is the inevitable outcome of a system that incorporates every gesture into a global competition for resources. it is a condition that announces the brutal inscription of a system of production pushing the body's endurance to ever new limits. stress seeps into the body, shaping flesh, dreams, images, desire, policies, products, life forms, value, violence. stress expands into the world, creating a new, post-natural ecology, aimed at the ultimate fusion of capital and nervous systems. the techno-neuronal system produced by this stressed ecology provides contemporaneity with a new gestural lexicon for the human body behavioural templates for the survival of the fittest. &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;parts&lt;/span&gt; of this lexicon were identified, alphabetised, explored, and rendered in their visual / visceral aspect in the installation STRESS.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"&gt;alarm / &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;clocks ticking ubiquitously, in alarming precision, regulate the global system. electronic impulses synchronise labour with capital, missiles with targets, catastrophes with their images. gradually, the constant state of alertness this ceaseless pulsing provokes is embodied as state of emergency. alarming clocks everywhere, counting the beat, from birth to dying. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;blitzkrieg&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;/ total mechanisation recofigures the temporal experience of violence. the tedious pace of wars of attrition is replaced by lightning bursts of highly concentrated destruction. in order to deliver such concentrated brutality, the state endures a profound metamorphosis. it can no longer conceive of itself as geographical extension - it must evolve into a predatory organism. as predator, the state's circuitry must be streamlined toward rapid information gathering. its infrastructure must be designed toward swift discharges of force. its ethos must be to strike only to kill. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"&gt;collapse &lt;/span&gt;/ collapse maps the terrain beyond the boundary. beyond the threshold, there is struggle to regain composure, to reconstitute equilibrium, to feed the lungs starved for oxygen, to find our place in the world again, to understand the new conditions of this world, to assess he contours of this new life form, this new body, this new state of being beyond.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"&gt;defenestration &lt;/span&gt;/ there is a force attracting all masses - directly proportional to their distance. there is one threshold from beyond which there is no return. the point of no return announces the spectacular event, itself endowed with its own gravitational field, attracting masses of viewers whose size and attention are directly proportional to the event's horror, and inversely proportional to its potential for repitition.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"&gt;exodus &lt;/span&gt;/ every outburst of energy generates dislocation. this dislocation may be chaotic, or reveal a harmonic unfolding, like a wave. in either case, the displaced mass has only two foreseeable outcomes: either to crash violently into annihilation, or to dissipate quietly in a less agitated field. what can not be foreseen is how the energy generated by the forcedly displaced will return back to perform its revenge, whose name is history.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"&gt;formation &lt;/span&gt;/ its force field is sometimes discreet, sometimes anamorphic, and other times explicitly precise. in each case, bodies trapped within a formation capture with crystal clarity the contradictory tensions modernity has to resolve for the maintenance of its greatest invention - the monadic subject, oscillating between the mirage of individuality and the call of the mass. that such tension is managed by detailed regulation of individual motions within a larger collective body shows just how modernity's project is, first and foremost, a gigantic choreographic effort, in the most literal sense.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"&gt;g-force&lt;/span&gt; / he thought of himself as matter: mass, surface, density, opacity. he thought of himself as measurable: height, weight, age, pulse. he thought of himself as structure: bones, ligamont, muscle, cartilage. he thought of the world as pure force, against which he would collide. once, he thought the world had turned purple; it was only is eyes flooding with blood. he always looked like a child after each experiment. he was constantly being photographed.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"&gt;hailstorm&lt;/span&gt; / on the edge of everydayness, unsuspected shadows and colours vibrate continously with unique intensity and cadence. in the half-lit rooms of the world, a luminous beat lulls the scopic field, bathed by the hailstorming aura of the television era. content is overcome by form, form overflows into impression, impression dilutes into lightning flashes. television dances its magic inscription beyond the retina, on walk. it delivers not facts, but pulse.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"&gt;invent&lt;/span&gt; / interruption, conditioning, recording, individual, vibration, pastine, evolution, advertising, speed, news, safety, work, planning, leisure, fission, freezing, codifying, impulse, instant. &lt;span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;jitterbug&lt;/span&gt; / "jitterbug" stands metonymically for any action in which "a glorious expediture of energy" takes place. "our industrial civilisation builds up tension: it confines people to patterns. the jitterbug relieves the tension in violent dance very free and unconfined," wrote african american choreographer katherine dunham in 1941. such expenditure without economy is absolute dance. the irony: as long as it remains an agent of relief, or discharge, jitterbug participates entirely in the very europhoria, anxieties and economy of stress.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"&gt;karoshi&lt;/span&gt; / the link between capital and the body lies in the capacity of each to maintain constant output, and to increase this output in moments of crisis. when output falters, both the market and the body risk a perilous shock, whose conseqences include cardiac arrest, distress, or major capital drainage. the danger may be fatal. output is the life circle and the vicious circle of any stress-including system. failure to sustain it becomes the system's natural selection process.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"&gt;logo&lt;/span&gt; / each day the average western citizen sees, assimilates, and recognises 16.000 different logos. these are so many lighthouses guiding us in our experience of the world. as graphic equivalent of the compass and as modern derivative of mediaval heraldry, the logo first of all tells us where we stand. its inscription on every landscape recasts space as site of perpetual recognition. its presence on every piece of garment recasts subjectivity as tribal.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"&gt;mengele&lt;/span&gt; / permutation between thresholds of horror and thresholds of the socially acceptable are: imaginable but impossible; unimaginable but possible; imaginable and possible; unimaginable and impossible. when all four are in operation, it is the thresholds themselves that require revision - not because they have gone beyond their own conceivable limits, but because the limits have been introjected into the system's core. in the case of violence and horror, it is clear that a revision of their "exterior nature" to the boundaries of society is in order - for their "uniamginable impossibility" is nothing but the unmasking of the quiet routine of the system.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;noise&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; / modernity's process of individuation forgrounds character, the unique voice, the opinion. thus, a cacophony of the self slowly takes shape. as each voice begets a new voice, the old communal chorus a fragmented mass of soloists, each singing a unique song, each filling up the air with a competitive urge to out-solo every other voice. amidst the apparent noise, however, a vibrating force harmonises each soloing voice; a word centripetally summons the noisy soloists into the chorus line of progress: money. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;ontology&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; / when the constant desire to become another becomes the stability of being, and when this desiring being fuses intimately with the plasticity of matter, then ontology becomes synonymous with ecoogy.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"&gt;panic&lt;/span&gt; / helmet, telephone, turbine, conveyor belt, escalator, money, barbie, television, electric chair, dentist's chair, ambulance, computer, surveillance camera, velcro, viagra, oncomouse, light bulb, uniform, car, deodorant, zoom lens, remote control. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"&gt;quantity&lt;/span&gt; / new equations increasingly relate one thing to another thing, producing new quantifications of the world: incidents per passenger mile, defects per million, parts per billion, deaths per vertical meter, complaints per staff unit, stabbings per traffic hour, blood volume per minute. with every new, increasingly improbable relation a threshold is defined.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"&gt;rupture&lt;/span&gt; / poachers, mercenaries, militias, hijackers, terrorists, vigilantes, assassins: central characters in the ecology of stress. when market forces are more than the market can bear, the result is a rupture of the membrane of power. violence spurts in the vent. poachers, terrorists, assassins step in, not as alien forces, but as intrinsic players in the economy and ecology of stress. they complement and guarantee the flow of information, goods, capital, power and of the violent images they help generate.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"&gt;sense&lt;/span&gt; / the "ever changing same" bouncing against itself on the surfaces people create when they (trans)pose culture and reality.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"&gt;time&lt;/span&gt; / the notion of time changes if it is no longer perceived as an ocean but becomes encapsuled in the body. the human body is 80% water and 100% time.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"&gt;ultra&lt;/span&gt; / the intensified perception that all limits are destined to be surpassed finds its most abominable manifestation in the contemporary, telegenic, smooth-talking ultraconservative.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"&gt;vertigo&lt;/span&gt; / urbanscapes stretch out as our new horizons, replacing and flattering out the old panoramic curve. the urban delivers space as continuous linearity and renders place as detachable form. everywhere feels here. as in a dream, the urbanspace stumbles in.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"&gt;waiting&lt;/span&gt; / vladimir saying, "well? shall we go?" and estragon replying, "yes, let's go," and beckett adding the performative punch line for the drama of modernity: "[they don't move.]"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;x&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;/ the sign of mystery, of the pornographic, of interdiction, of the experimental, of highly classified information is also the heraldic symbol of the systematic trespassing of unthinkable scientific thresholds. crossing away, the state hopes to mask its propensity to act as mad scientist.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"&gt;yesterday&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; / every incomplete past as it dreams of its fantastic future casts the experience of todayness as perpetual deja vu: the past erupts in the present to announce the immediate recognisable, and predictable. deja vu is a psychogenic state clinically linked with tiredness. when fatigue is the prevailing societal condition, deja vu becomes the collective back entrance for all of yesterday's postponed tomorrows.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;zero&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; / at the zero point of energy, when all should be at perfect rest, particles still endure infinitesimal vibration. this is the last threshold of the persistence of reality. zero announces not the beginning, nor the end, but the constant, microscopic, vibratile motion towards endless modification.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;it's the economy, stupid.&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8609400255966489729-7553864960979771068?l=stress-root.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://stress-root.blogspot.com/feeds/7553864960979771068/comments/default' title='Kommentare zum Post'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8609400255966489729&amp;postID=7553864960979771068' title='0 Kommentare'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8609400255966489729/posts/default/7553864960979771068'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8609400255966489729/posts/default/7553864960979771068'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://stress-root.blogspot.com/2007/09/why-do-you-keep-failing-and-we-keep.html' title='why you are keeping (on) failing and we are keeping (on) succeeding (especially when you&apos;re german and we&apos;re not).'/><author><name>root</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01605959663627661585</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='20' src='http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1385/1059788983_4ab255c933.jpg?v=0'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://bp2.blogger.com/_Q3W9T8fMXuU/SHgA5FNIoQI/AAAAAAAAAH8/SfikAoU9qFM/s72-c/herbst.gif' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8609400255966489729.post-8881131509489140048</id><published>2007-09-14T13:54:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-06-27T17:16:55.937-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Appendix (a checklist)</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp3.blogger.com/_Q3W9T8fMXuU/Rv_uC1sPArI/AAAAAAAAAD8/ptSeoeF8j7E/s1600-h/Root_cross_section.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp3.blogger.com/_Q3W9T8fMXuU/Rv_uC1sPArI/AAAAAAAAAD8/ptSeoeF8j7E/s400/Root_cross_section.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5116069434255934130" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;on the use of information design&lt;/span&gt; /&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;1. framework and fundamentals &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; a) determine the purpose of the system:&lt;br /&gt;    - internal system?&lt;br /&gt;    - external system?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; b) begin the design play by:&lt;br /&gt;    - defining necessary project steps&lt;br /&gt;    - establishing process workflows&lt;br /&gt;    - identifying targeted users&lt;br /&gt;    - distinguishing system user's activities&lt;br /&gt;    - instituting communication channels with users and design team&lt;br /&gt;    - implementing a useful, reliable system&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; c) constitute a design team&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; d) identify user group and environments:&lt;br /&gt;    - conduct user surveys&lt;br /&gt;    - indentify variables&lt;br /&gt;    - identify human activities using system&lt;br /&gt;    - consider training and education&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. organising cultures (ecological and cognitive approaches)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; a) define and "read" the client organisation:&lt;br /&gt;    - locate an organisation chart&lt;br /&gt;    - interview individuals from "all levels" of the organisation&lt;br /&gt;      to discuss the organizational hierarchy&lt;br /&gt;    - ask respondents to identify seats of power and sources of information,&lt;br /&gt;      both formal and informal&lt;br /&gt;    - request a copy of an annual report or other documentation&lt;br /&gt;      discussing the work of the organisation&lt;br /&gt;    - collect other 'artefacts' of the organisation&lt;br /&gt;      (t-shirts, brochures, pens, examples of employee awards, etc)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; b) explore the organisation using ethnographic research tools:&lt;br /&gt;    - observation&lt;br /&gt;    - interviews with members of the client organisation&lt;br /&gt;    - focus groups&lt;br /&gt;    - case studies&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. communicating with stakeholders &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; a) know who should be involved:&lt;br /&gt;    - advisory commitee&lt;br /&gt;    - management commitee&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; b) keeping them informed:&lt;br /&gt;    - email&lt;br /&gt;    - mailing lists&lt;br /&gt;    - online forums&lt;br /&gt;    - information packets&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; c) provide space for interaction:&lt;br /&gt;    - meetings&lt;br /&gt;    - teleconferencing&lt;br /&gt;    - on-site visits&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; d) secure plans and ideas:&lt;br /&gt;    - content management&lt;br /&gt;    - track progress&lt;br /&gt;    - project management&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. managing scenario design projects and knowledge&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; a) determine who and what will be managed&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; b) strategic planning and goal setting&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; c) project management principles:&lt;br /&gt;    - establish project goals&lt;br /&gt;    - evaluate and select project goals&lt;br /&gt;      i. goal relatedness&lt;br /&gt;      ii. feasibility&lt;br /&gt;      iii. efficiency&lt;br /&gt;      iv. effectiveness &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;or&lt;/span&gt; impact?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; d) manage project knowledge:&lt;br /&gt;    - implement a network accessible database to share project data&lt;br /&gt;    - establish &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;and&lt;/span&gt; agree upon&lt;br /&gt;      'group communication systems'&lt;br /&gt;    - develop an online forum that interfaces with a searchable database to collect&lt;br /&gt;      expertise and contact information&lt;br /&gt;    - establish a standard for subject fields &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;and&lt;/span&gt; descriptors&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;5. presentation of ideas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; a) establish a knowledge community:&lt;br /&gt;    - identify types of stakeholder:&lt;br /&gt;      i. internal&lt;br /&gt;      ii. external&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; b) plan for data management:&lt;br /&gt;    - sharable data&lt;br /&gt;    - data quality&lt;br /&gt;    - physical data&lt;br /&gt;    - digital data&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; c) determine technologies appropriate for stakeholders and design team:&lt;br /&gt;    - high tech or low tech?&lt;br /&gt;    - dynamic data display&lt;br /&gt;    - data analysis&lt;br /&gt;    - multimedia or mixed media?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;6. life cycle of ideas &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; a) determine the type of ideas&lt;br /&gt;    - ideas and knowledge&lt;br /&gt;    - ideas and documents&lt;br /&gt;    - ideas and assets&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; b) rationale for idea management:&lt;br /&gt;    - internal training&lt;br /&gt;    - evaluation of idea management:&lt;br /&gt;      i. on-time delivery&lt;br /&gt;      ii. productivity&lt;br /&gt;      iii. employee turnover&lt;br /&gt;      iv. cost-savings&lt;br /&gt;    - challenges to idea management:&lt;br /&gt;      i. business competition&lt;br /&gt;      ii. client turnover&lt;br /&gt;      iii. quality control&lt;br /&gt;      iv. post-project management&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;7. documentation and prototyping&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; a) setting prototype standards&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; b) documentation of stakeholder studies and system development&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; c) approaches to prototyping in system design:&lt;br /&gt;    - paper&lt;br /&gt;    - storyboards&lt;br /&gt;    - task analysis&lt;br /&gt;    - walk through method to test structure&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;it's the economy, stupid.&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8609400255966489729-8881131509489140048?l=stress-root.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://stress-root.blogspot.com/feeds/8881131509489140048/comments/default' title='Kommentare zum Post'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8609400255966489729&amp;postID=8881131509489140048' title='0 Kommentare'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8609400255966489729/posts/default/8881131509489140048'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8609400255966489729/posts/default/8881131509489140048'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://stress-root.blogspot.com/2007/09/appendix-checklist.html' title='Appendix (a checklist)'/><author><name>root</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01605959663627661585</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='20' src='http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1385/1059788983_4ab255c933.jpg?v=0'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://bp3.blogger.com/_Q3W9T8fMXuU/Rv_uC1sPArI/AAAAAAAAAD8/ptSeoeF8j7E/s72-c/Root_cross_section.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8609400255966489729.post-6861496202207041676</id><published>2007-09-13T13:52:00.003-07:00</published><updated>2008-07-11T18:42:17.283-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Mädchen sind Google, Jungen sind Yahoo</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp2.blogger.com/_Q3W9T8fMXuU/RvKfQoN0m2I/AAAAAAAAACo/WO3vqXmW3hw/s1600-h/Weather_Man.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5112323635041049442" style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; cursor: pointer; text-align: center;" alt="" src="http://bp2.blogger.com/_Q3W9T8fMXuU/RvKfQoN0m2I/AAAAAAAAACo/WO3vqXmW3hw/s400/Weather_Man.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; ... //&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Ehegattensplitting&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; /&lt;br /&gt;Das Ehegattensplitting ist ein Verfahren zur Berechnung der Einkommensteuer von zusammenveranlagten Ehegatten.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; Deutschland&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt; Splittingtarif&lt;br /&gt;2.1 Verfahren&lt;br /&gt;2.2 Beispiele&lt;br /&gt;2.3 Erweiterung des Splittingsystems&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;3&lt;/span&gt; Varianten zur Einschränkung des Splittings&lt;br /&gt;3.1 Rechtspolitische Entwicklung in Deutschland&lt;br /&gt;3.2 Politische Diskussion&lt;br /&gt;3.3 Verfassungsrechtliche Bewertung&lt;br /&gt;3.4 Gründe für das Ehegattensplitting&lt;br /&gt;3.4.1 Kritik&lt;br /&gt;3.5 Gründe gegen das Ehegattensplitting&lt;br /&gt;3.5.1 Kritik&lt;br /&gt;3.6 Höhe des maximalen Splittingvorteils&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;4&lt;/span&gt; Länder in der Europäischen Union&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;5&lt;/span&gt; Siehe auch&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;6&lt;/span&gt; Literatur&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;7&lt;/span&gt; Weblinks&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;8&lt;/span&gt; Quellen &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Deutschland [&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Bearbeiten&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Splittingtarif [&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Überdenken&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Verfahren [&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Durchleuchten&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Der Begriff &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Splittingtarif&lt;/span&gt; stammt aus dem Einkommensteuerrecht und beschreibt den für Ehepaare anwendbaren Steuertarif. Hierbei wird folgendes Verfahren verwendet:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;1.&lt;/span&gt; Das zu versteuernde Einkommen der Ehegatten wird ermittelt und halbiert (gesplittet).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;2.&lt;/span&gt; Für das halbierte zu versteuernde Einkommen wird die Einkommensteuer nach dem geltenden Einkommensteuertarif berechnet (früher: aus der Grundtabelle abgelesen).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;3.&lt;/span&gt; Die so errechnete Einkommensteuer wird verdoppelt.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp1.blogger.com/_Q3W9T8fMXuU/RvKbhYN0m1I/AAAAAAAAACg/ebDeirD2Kh4/s1600-h/Splittingvorteil.PNG"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5112319524757347154" style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer;" alt="" src="http://bp1.blogger.com/_Q3W9T8fMXuU/RvKbhYN0m1I/AAAAAAAAACg/ebDeirD2Kh4/s400/Splittingvorteil.PNG" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Vorteil der Splittingtabelle gegenüber der Grundtabelle&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dieses Splittingverfahren bewirkt, dass das zu versteuernde Einkommen zu gleichen Teilen auf beide Ehegatten verteilt wird. Hierdurch wird das Prinzip der Besteuerung nach der Leistungsfähigkeit nicht auf den einzelnen Ehegatten, sondern auf die Ehe als Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft angewendet. Welcher der Ehegatten wieviel zum ehelichen Gesamteinkommen beigetragen hat, ist unerheblich. Hintergrund des Verfahrens sind die steuerliche Progression und die Zusammenveranlagung, die Splittingwirkung tritt nur ein, wenn zwischen den Ehegatten eine Einkommensdifferenz besteht. Durch das Splittingverfahren werden daher Ehepaare mit unterschiedlicher Einkunftsverteilung gleich behandelt.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Das zu versteuernde Einkommen eines Ehepaares wird beim Splittingverfahren mit einem Steuersatz belastet, der niedriger ist als der Steuersatz, der von einem Unverheirateten mit gleich hohem Einkommen wie das Ehepaar zu zahlen wäre (Ausnahme: bezieht jeder Ehepartner ein Einkommen oberhalb der Progressionszone, hat der Splittingtarif keine entlastende Wirkung). Dies gilt aufgrund der Progressionswirkung auch gegenüber Wirtschaftsgemeinschaften, auf die nicht der Splittingtarif angewendet wird, beispielsweise unverheiratete Paare.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In Fällen, bei denen die Steuerpflichtigen ihre Einkommensquellen anderen Familienangehörigen zuordnen können, kann ein faktisches Familiensplitting praktiziert werden, allerdings nur, wenn die Einkommensquellen bürgerlich-rechtlich wirksam auf andere Familienangehörige übertragen werden. In manchen Fällen, z.B. durch die Schenkung von Einkommen abwerfendem Vermögen, können erhebliche Schenkungssteuern oder Vermögensnachteile dadurch entstehen.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Das Ehegattensplitting ist nicht nur bei progressiven Steuertarifen, bei denen der Durchschnittsteuersatz keine Konstante ist, sondern mit steigendem Einkommen ansteigt, von Bedeutung. Auch bei einer Einheitssteuer (auch Flat Tax genannt) mit nicht übertragbarem Freibetrag bewirkt der Grundfreibetrag einen Splittingvorteil, wenn einer der beiden Partner weniger als den Freibetrag verdient.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Beispiele /&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Beispiel 1&lt;/em&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;Die Ehegatten A und E haben ein zvE von 80.000 €. Ehegatte A hat dazu 60.000 €, Ehegatte E 20.000 € beigetragen. Die tarifliche Einkommensteuer für die Ehegatten beträgt 18.446 €.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Beispiel 2&lt;/em&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;Wenn jeder der Ehegatten aus dem Beispiel 1 sein Einkommen selbst versteuern müsste, ergäbe sich folgende Rechnung:&lt;br /&gt;- zu versteuerndes Einkommen von A = 60.000 €, tarifliche Einkommensteuer: 17.286 €&lt;br /&gt;- zu versteuerndes Einkommen von E = 20.000 €, tarifliche Einkommensteuer: 2.850 €&lt;br /&gt;- Einkommensteuer von A und E zusammen: 20.136 €&lt;br /&gt;- Mehr zu zahlende Einkommensteuer im Vergleich zu &lt;em&gt;Beispiel 1&lt;/em&gt;: 1.690 €&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Beispiel 3&lt;/em&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;Wie &lt;em&gt;Beispiel 1&lt;/em&gt;, jedoch hat jeder Ehegatte jeweils 40.000 € zu versteuern.&lt;br /&gt;- Einkommensteuer insgesamt: 18.446 €&lt;br /&gt;- Unterschied zu &lt;em&gt;Beispiel 1&lt;/em&gt;: 0 €&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ergebnis:&lt;br /&gt;Das Ehegattensplitting verschafft den Ehegatten A und E einen Splittingvorteil von 1.690 € gegenüber einem unverheirateten Paar mit derselben Einkommensverteilung. Vergleicht man mit einem anderen Ehepaar, das ebenfalls ein Gesamteinkommen von 80.000 € hat, hier aber jeder Ehepartner zu diesem Einkommen die Hälfte beiträgt, ist der Steuervorteil 0 €.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Das Splitting stellt sicher, dass alle Ehepaare mit dem Gesamteinkommen von 80.000 € gleich besteuert werden, weil sie ja auch die gleiche Leistungsfähigkeit haben.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Der Splitting&lt;em&gt;vorteil&lt;/em&gt; ist abhängig:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;a) von der Verteilung des zu versteuernde Einkommen zwischen den Ehegatten&lt;br /&gt;b) von der Höhe des zu versteuernden Einkommens insgesamt&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Der maximale Splittingvorteil im Vergleich zu einem unverheirateten Paar beträgt 7.914 € im Jahr 2005 und wird ab einem zu versteuernden Einkommen von 104.304 € erzielt, vorausgesetzt, dass ein Ehegatte das gesammte zu versteuernde Einkommen allein erwirtschaftet. Haben beide Ehegatten gleichviel zum zu versteuernden Einkommen beigetragen, ist der Splittingvorteil 0 €.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Erweiterung des Splitting&lt;em&gt;systems&lt;/em&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;In einigen Ländern wird das Splittingsystem auf weitere unterhaltsberechtigte Familienmitglieder, etwa in Frankreich auf Kinder, ausgedehnt (&lt;em&gt;Familien&lt;/em&gt;splitting). Begründung ist hier der Familienlastenausgleich und die Förderung von Kindern.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Varianten zur &lt;em&gt;Einschränkung&lt;/em&gt; des Splittings (Quelle: DIW Berlin [1], Stand: 2003)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Variante 1:&lt;br /&gt;Komplette Streichung des Splittings inkl. Abschaffung des Grundfreibetrages des Ehepartners ohne Einkommen&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Steuermehraufkommen:&lt;br /&gt;22,1 Mrd. € (Anmerkung: Stand 2003 mit dem damals gültigen Einkommensteuertarif. Nimmt man als Grundlage den Einkommensteuertarif von 2005, dann sinkt das Steuermehraufkommen in dieser Variante auf 20,7 Mrd. €)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Problem:&lt;br /&gt;Die Abschaffung des Grundfreibetrages ist verfassungswidrig, da das Existenzminimum nicht besteuert werden darf. Daher ist diese Variante nicht zulässig.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Variante 2:&lt;br /&gt;Abschaffung des Splittings unter Beibehaltung der Grundfreibeträge.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In dieser Variante kann ein Partner den selber nicht ausgeschöpften Teil seines Grundfreibetrages in Höhe von 7.664 € auf den anderen Partner übertragen; dessen zu versteuerndes Einkommen wird also um diesen übertragenen Teil des Grundfreibetrages gekürzt.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Steuermehraufkommen:&lt;br /&gt;9,1 Mrd. €&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Probleme:&lt;br /&gt;Ehepaare müssten mehr Steuern bezahlen als geschiedene Paare, weil diese Unterhaltszahlungen an den anderen Partner bis zu einer Höhe von 13.085 € als Sonderausgabe absetzen können. Diese Unterhaltszahlung muss dann vom begünstigten Partner versteuert werden, allerdings wegen der Steuerprogression zu einem ggf. geringeren Steuersatz. Scheidung würde steuerlich attraktiv werden. Wahrscheinlich ist diese Variante daher ebenfalls verfassungswidrig. Zu 90% wären Ehepaare mit Kindern von der Steuererhöhung betroffen.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Variante 3:&lt;br /&gt;Realsplittingverfahren, Übertragung eines bestimmten Betrages auf den Partner (in der Berechnung sind 20.000 € angenommen)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Auch hier kann, ebenso wie in Variante 2, nur der nicht durch eigenes Einkommen in Anspruch genommene Teil des festgelegten Betrages übertragen werden.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Steuermehraufkommen: 1,5 Mrd. €&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Probleme:&lt;br /&gt;Die Steuermehreinnahmen fallen eher gering aus, da die betroffenen Ehepaare Möglichkeiten ausschöpfen werden, ihr Gesamteinkommen gleichmäßiger aufeinander zu verteilen. Laut Schätzung des DIW Berlin beträgt dieser Effekt mindestens ein Drittel, d.h. 1 Mrd. € blieben als Mehreinnahme übrig. Auch hier sind zu 90 % Ehepartner mit Kindern betroffen, d.h. Ehepaare, die Kinder erziehen und Ehepaare, deren Kinder bereits aus dem Haus sind. Möchte man solche Ehepaare von der Steuererhöhung durch den Wegfall des Splittings ausnehmen, verbliebe eine Steuermehreinnahme von 0,1 Mrd. €. Das Besteuerungsverfahren würde aufwendiger, da die Zugehörigkeit von Einkünften zum jeweiligen Ehepartner überprüft werden müsste. Allerdings wird dieses Problem im Fall von Lebenspartnern billigend in Kauf genommen, obwohl diese ebenfalls größtenteils in einer Zugewinngemeinschaft leben.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Variante 4:&lt;br /&gt;Begrenzung des maximalen Splittingvorteils auf einen Betrag unterhalb des sich aus dem Einkommensteuertarif ergebenden maximalen Splittingvorteils bei uneingeschränkter Anwendung des Splittingverfahrens.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Rechtspolitische Entwicklung in Deutschland:&lt;br /&gt;Die &lt;em&gt;originäre&lt;/em&gt; Frage für das Ehegattensplitting, Individual- oder Ehegattenbesteuerung, wurde vom Gesetzgeber wechselhaft beantwortet:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1891 wurde die Preußische Einkommenssteuer durch Finanzminister Johannes von Miquel reformiert. Ehegatten wurden hier gemeinsam veranlagt und die Einkommen zusammen gerechnet. Da keine Progression vorgesehen war, war die Auswirkung gering.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1920 wurde unter Finanzminister Matthias Erzberger das Reichseinkommensteuergesetz geschaffen und die Einkommensteuergesetze der Länder abgelöst. Erstmalig wurde eine Progression vorgesehen. Um Ehepaare hierdurch nicht schlechter zu stellen, wurde eine Individualbesteuerung vorgeschrieben[2].&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1934 führten die Nationalsozialisten die gemeinsame Veranlagung wieder ein. Die damit verbundene Benachteiligung (wegen der inzwischen eingeführten Progression) berufstätiger Frauen war beabsichtigt, da es ein politisches Ziel war, dass die Frau keiner bezahlten Arbeit nachgehen sollte, sondern sich um Kinder und Familie kümmern sollte. Makroökonomisch begünstigt eine solche Zusammenveranlagung von Ehegatten sog. Einverdiener-Ehen, was erklärtes Ziel des Gesetzes aus dem Jahre 1934 war.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1951 übernahm die erste Regierung Adenauer in das Einkommensteuergesetz diese Zusammenveranlagung.[3] Zu einer Benachteiligung wegen des Verheiratetseins kam es in Kombination mit der Steuerprogression: Höhere Einkommen werden mit höheren prozentualen Steuersätzen belastet.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In dieser Kombination widersprach das Einkommensteuergesetz 1951 der Verfassung, namentlich Art. 6 und wurde auf Vorlage eines Rechtsstreits durch das Finanzgericht München an das Bundesverfassungsgericht für nichtig erklärt.[4] In seiner Entscheidung regte das Gericht eine system&lt;em&gt;konsistente&lt;/em&gt; Individualbesteuerung an.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1958 setzte die Regierung Adenauer diese Rechtsprechung mit einem neuen Gesetz um, jedoch indem sie die Zusammenveranlagung beließ und sie durch ein Splitting kompensierte.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Politische&lt;/em&gt; Diskussion:&lt;br /&gt;Die CSU will am Ehegattensplitting festhalten[5]. Sie meint, die Verfassung gebiete wegen des besonderen Schutzes von Ehe und Familie zwingend ein Ehegattensplitting.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Die FDP [6] will ebenso am Splittingverfahren festhalten, möchte aber eine Erweiterung des Splittings auf nichtehliche Lebensgemeinschaften mit Kindern und gleichgeschlechtliche Familien durchsetzen[6] und ist gegen die Haltung der CSU, das Ehegattensplitting nur auf Ehen zu begrenzen. Die FDP tritt dafür ein, die Lohnsteuerklasse V abzuschaffen.[7]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Die CDU war bisher ebenfalls für eine Beibehaltung des Ehegattensplittings[8]; seit 2006 gibt es jedoch innerhalb der Partei Überlegungen, ein Familiensplitting einzuführen, das auch für nichteheliche Lebensgemeinschaften mit Kindern gelten soll. Diese neue Gestaltung wird von CSU und FDP größtenteils abgelehnt, weil sie dadurch das Splitting für Ehegatten in seiner Wirksamkeit beschädigt sehen.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Die SPD hat keine einheitliche Position zum Ehegattensplitting. In der SPD wird diskutiert, das Ehegattensplitting in den höheren Einkommensgruppen zu kappen. Daneben aber gibt es die Diskussion in der SPD, das Ehegattensplitting zugunsten einer Individualbesteuerung mit übertragbarem Grundfreibetrag zu verändern, um hierdurch kostenlose Kindergärten / Kinderkrippen und / oder den Ausbau von Krippenplätzen zu finanzieren.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Die Grünen wollen die Abschaffung des Ehegattensplittings und eine Individualbesteuerung mit einem übertragbaren Höchstbetrag von 10.000 € durchsetzen[9]. Das eingesparte Geld soll für kostenlose Kindergärten / Kinderkrippen verwandt werden.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Die Linkspartei ist ebenfalls für eine Abschaffung des Ehegattensplittings, wobei die Übertragbarkeit der Grundfreibeträge beibehalten werden soll[10]. Das eingesparte Geld soll für kostenlose Kindergärten / Kinderkrippen verwandt werden.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In einem gemeinsamen Appell wenden sich 16 deutsche Verbände gegen das Ehegattensplitting sowie das politisch diskutierte Familliensplitting. Die Pläne innerhalb der Regierung zu einem Familiensplitting drohen nach Ansicht dieser Verbände Geld zu Gunsten einiger weniger Familien zu verschleudern.[11]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Verfassungsrechtliche&lt;/em&gt; Bewertung:&lt;br /&gt;Fachlich wird ein Institutionsschutz des Ehegattensplittings aus verfassungsrechtlichen Gründen abgelehnt. Auch handele es sich dabei nicht um eine Vorgabe für den Steuergesetzgeber. Das Grundgesetz verbiete lediglich Steuernachteile allein aus dem Verheiratetsein. Ein Splitting sei die Möglichkeit, Nachteile aus der Zusammenveranlagung von Ehegatten auszugleichen. Diese ausnahmsweise Zusammenveranlagung von mehreren Steuersubjekten sei eine traditionelle, jedoch keineswegs zwingende Gesetzesgestaltung. Vielmehr stünde dem Gesetzgeber wie in den 1950er Jahren ein weiter Gestaltungsspielraum für Ehe- und Familienförderung zu. Dies erlaube ohne weiteres auch ein Familiensplitting, jedoch sei zu überlegen, ob steuersystematisch gestützte Maßnahmen wirkungsvoll und ausreichend sind oder vielmehr eine faktische Kinderbetreuungsinfrastruktur dem Ziel des Grundgesetzes näher komme.[12] (→ Status Positivus)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Gründe&lt;/em&gt; für das Ehegattensplitting:&lt;br /&gt;Für das Ehegattensplitting werden im Wesentlichen folgende Argumente genannt:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Das Splitting stelle keinen Steuervorteil dar, sondern beseitige lediglich den Progressionsnachteil, wenn die Einkommensverteilung von Ehepaar zu Ehepaar unterschiedlich ist. Somit unterliegen alle Ehepaare mit gleichem Gesamteinkommen der gleichen Besteuerung. Da die Leistungsfähigkeit dieser Ehepaare auch gleich ist, sei dies die gleichheitsgerechteste Lösung. Eine Kappung des Ehegattensplittings würde v.a. Ehepaare mit Kindern belasten, zumal bei Ehepaaren ohne Kinder meistens beide Partner berufstätig seien und daher über etwa gleich hohem Einkommen verfügen.[1] Durch den besonderen Schutz von Ehe und Familie (Art. 6 I Grundgesetz) ergibt sich, dass Eheleuten aus dem Verheiratetsein keine wirtschaftlichen Nachteile erwachsen dürfen. Ohne das Splitting erwüchsen Eheleuten jedoch Progressionsnachteile und damit effektive Mehrbelastungen im Vergleich zu Nicht-Verheirateten. Nach ständiger Rechtsprechung des Bundesverfassungsgerichts entspricht das Splitting dem Grundsatz der Besteuerung nach der Leistungsfähigkeit. Es geht davon aus, dass zusammenlebende Eheleute eine Gemeinschaft des Erwerbs und des Verbrauchs bilden, in der ein Ehegatte an den Einkünften und Lasten des anderen wirtschaftlich jeweils zu Hälfte teil hat. Damit knüpft das Splitting an die wirtschaftliche Realität der intakten Durchschnittsehe an, in der ein Transfer steuerlicher Leistungsfähigkeit zwischen den Partnern stattfindet[13]. Eine Individualbesteuerung würde dazu führen, dass die Betroffenen ihr Einkommen zwischen den Ehepartnern verschieben, um möglichst den alten Zustand wieder herzustellen. Da die Möglichkeit der Einkommensverschiebung bei unselbstständiger Arbeit nur schwer möglich, bei Einkommen aus Gewerbetätigkeit, Vermietung und Verpachtung, selbstständiger Arbeit und Kapitalvermögen leicht möglich ist, verhindert das Splitting eine Bevorzugung dieser Einkommensarten. Das Ehegattensplitting berücksichtigt auch die gesetzliche Verpflichtung der Ehepartner finanziell untereinander aufzukommen und sich ggf. gegenseitig Unterhalt zu leisten. Diese gesetzliche Verpflichtung wird von dem Staat in Anspruch genommen, wenn es darum geht Sozialleistungen einzusparen, in Konsequenz soll sie auch in der Steuer in gleichem Maße berücksichtigt werden.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kritik:&lt;br /&gt;Eine rechtspolitische oder verfassungsrechtliche Bewertung des Ehegattensplittings ist in isolierter Form unvollkommen. Aus der Verfassungsmäßigkeit des Splittings kann im Umkehrschluss nicht gefolgert werden, es sei von Verfassungswegen zwingend geboten. Daher greifen Argumente der isolierten Abschaffung des Splittings (bei gleichzeitigem Belassen der Zusammenveranlagung und eines progressiven Steuersatzes) zu kurz. Denn der gesetzgeberische Reflex auf die Ungleichbehandlung durch Zusammenveranlagung von Eheleuten hat zwar zu einer steuerlichen Tradition seit den 1950er Jahren geführt, diese ist ihrerseits lediglich eine von vielen gesetzlichen Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten und keineswegs verfassungsrechtlich geboten (s.o.).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gründe &lt;em&gt;gegen&lt;/em&gt; das Ehegattensplitting:&lt;br /&gt;Das Ehegattensplitting ist seit seiner Einführung umstritten, im Wesentlichen wird angeführt:&lt;br /&gt;Vom Splitting profitiere in erster Linie die kinderlose Ehe, nicht aber Familien aus verheirateten Eheleuten mit Kindern. Im Gegenteil: Der Splittingvorteil fällt um so weniger ins Gewicht, je mehr Kinder in einer Familie versorgt werden müssen. Aus diesem Grund wird in letzter Zeit zunehmend über Möglichkeiten eines Familiensplittings diskutiert, wie es beispielsweise in Frankreich zu Anwendung kommt. Abgesehen davon gäbe es heute neben der traditionellen Familie aus verheirateten Eheleuten mit Kindern andere Formen des Zusammenlebens von Erwachsenen mit Kindern, wie nichteheliche Lebensgemeinschaften oder gleichgeschlechtliche Lebenspartnerschaften. Diese Wertung sei zu einseitig und entspreche nicht der Verfassung. Art. 6 I GG stellt nicht nur die Ehe, sondern auch die Familie unter den besonderen Schutz des Staates. Vertreter der Lebensformenpolitik fordern daher eine umfassende Gleichstellung[14]. Der Splittingvorteil ist im Vergleich mit einem unverheirateten Paar umso größer, je weiter die beiden Ehegatten-Einkommen auseinander liegen. Dies ergibt sich aus der Steuerprogression. Er ist am größten, wenn einer der Eheleute überhaupt kein Einkommen bezieht. Das Splitting gilt auch für Ehen, die Gütertrennung vereinbart haben. Für diese Ehen griffen die Grundsätze des Verfassungsgerichts[15] nicht, da nur bei einer Zugewinngemeinschaft oder Gütergemeinschaft von einem Transfer steuerlicher Leistungsfähigkeit zwischen den Partnern ausgegangen werden könne. Das Splitting bewirke, dass sich wegen der Steuerprogression eine Arbeitsaufnahme, insb. ein Teilzeitjob, für einen der Ehepartner kaum lohne, wenn der andere Ehepartner gut verdient. Das führe in der Realität zur Nichtteilhabe am Arbeitsmarkt und zu einem immer größeren Qualifikationsverlust des (einkommens-)schwächeren Partners, somit mit zunehmender Zeit zu seiner dauerhaften Ausgrenzung aus der Berufstätigkeit, also letztendlich zur Abhängigkeit vom besser verdienenden Partner. In der Realität beeinflusse das Splitting die Erwerbstätigkeit von Frauen negativ. Es sei deshalb in seiner gesellschaftlichen Wirkung ungerecht. Unter Beachtung der Gender-Mainstreaming-Gesetzgebung der EU der letzten Jahre sei das Ehegattensplitting demzufolge neu zu bewerten. Deutschland wurde durch Organe der EU mehrfach angemahnt, das Steuersystem auf Benachteiligungen zu Lasten von Frauen zu prüfen und gegebenenfalls zu ändern.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kritik:&lt;br /&gt;Die letzten beiden angeführten Gründe gegen das Ehegattensplitting würden allerdings bei einem Umbau des Splittings hin zu einer Individualbesteuerung mit übertragbarem Grundfreibetrag bzw. einem Realsplitting (siehe oben die Varianten 2 und 3 zur Einschränkung des Splittings) nicht beseitigt. Nach diesen Modellen unterliegen die Steuerabzüge bei Arbeitsaufnahme eines Partners für dessen zusätzlichen Verdienst ebenfalls dem erhöhten Steuersatz, der sich aus dem Einkommen des anderen Partners ergibt, d.h. auch dann lohnt sich die Arbeitsaufnahme nicht mehr als heute. Diese Modelle würden daher wohl auch die Erwerbstätigkeit von Frauen kaum anders beeinflussen können als die bestehende Regelung.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Höhe des maximalen Splittingvorteils:&lt;br /&gt;Ab einem Einkommen von 52.152 € in Deutschland wird der maximale Steuersatz von 42 % erreicht, bei Ehegatten gilt das beim doppelten Einkommen. Bei den 42 % handelt es sich um den Steuersatz für jeden zusätzlich verdienten Euro. Die maximale Höhe des Splittingvorteils ergibt sich bei einem Alleinverdiener, der mindestens 104.304 € zu versteuerndes Einkommen erzielt und dessen Ehepartner keine Einkünfte hat. Das Zustandekommen des Splitting-Vorteils kann man dann folgendermaßen erklären: Durch das Splitting-Verfahren wird zweimal der Vorteil gewährt, dass nicht das gesamte Einkommen zum Spitzensteuersatz besteuert wird, sondern dass ein Teil des Einkommens einem niedrigeren (Grenz-)Steuersatz unterliegt. Dieser Vorteil ist gerade so groß, wie der jeweilige (Grenz-)Steuersatz für Einkommensanteile unter 104.304 € unter dem maximalen Steuersatz von 42 % liegt. Daraus ergibt sich, dass der Splittingvorteil unmittelbar mit dem Verlauf des Steuertarifs verbunden ist.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Haben beide Ehepartner ein Einkommen, hängt die Höhe des Splittingvorteils von dem Tarifverlauf "zwischen ihren Einkommen" ab. Bei einem linear-progressiven Steuersatz wächst der Splittingvorteil mit dem Quadrat des Unterschieds beider Einkommen. Bei einem Einkommensunterschied von 20.000 € beider Ehepartner ist also der Vorteil durch das Ehegattensplitting viermal so hoch wie bei einem Einkommensunterschied von 10.000 €. Der Einkommensteuer-Tarif in Deutschland ist in zwei jeweils linear-progressive Abschnitte geteilt, daher gilt diese Aussage nur innerhalb eines Tarifabschnitts exakt. Bei einer Einheitssteuer entfällt der Splittingvorteil, wenn beide Partner mehr als den Freibetrag verdienen.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Länder in der Europäischen Union:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Neben Deutschland kennt nur Luxemburg in seiner Einkommenssteuer das Ehegattensplitting. Allein Frankreich geht mit dem Familiensplitting darüber hinaus. In allen anderen EU-Staaten besteht&lt;/span&gt; kein &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Ehegattensplitting. In diesen Ländern werden Ehepartner individuell besteuert oder erhalten nur begrenzte Steuerermäßigungen.&lt;/span&gt;[16]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Literatur:&lt;br /&gt;Franziska Vollmer: Das Ehegattensplitting: Eine verfassungsrechtliche Untersuchung der Einkommensbesteuerung von Eheleuten. Nomos Verlagsgeselschaft, Baden-Baden, 1998, ISBN 3789056820&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Weblinks:&lt;br /&gt;Wolfgang Scherf: Das Ehegattensplitting ist kein Steuervorteil (PDF)&lt;br /&gt;Stefan Bach, in: DIW Wochenbericht 22/03: Fiskalische Wirkungen einer Reform der Ehegattenbesteuerung&lt;br /&gt;Kai Konrad: Paare in der Steuerfalle – Das Ehegattensplitting ist frauenfeindlich und kann Familien zerstören, in: Wissenschaftlerinnen-Rundbrief, Freie Universität Berlin, Nr. 3/2002. Abdruck eines Artikels aus „Die Zeit“ vom 15.08.2002. (PDF)&lt;br /&gt;Informationsdienst des Instituts der deutschen Wirtschaft, iwd Nr. 27, Köln, 05.07.2001. (PDF)&lt;br /&gt;Ulrike Spangenberg, Neuorientierung der Ehebesteuerung: Ehegattensplitting und Lohnsteuerverfahren,5/2005 (PDF)&lt;br /&gt;Bundesministerium der Finanzen vom 16.09.2005: Das Splitting-Verfahren bei der Einkommensteuerveranlagung von Ehegatten (PDF)&lt;br /&gt;Prof. Dr. Wendt: Grundfragen der Familienbesteuerung&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Zur Erfordernis des Gender Mainstreaming vgl. auch:&lt;br /&gt;Europäische Kommission: Gleichstellung von Männern und Frauen (Gender Equality)&lt;br /&gt;Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend: Gender Mainstreaming und Gesetzesfolgenabschätzung&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Quellen:&lt;br /&gt;1. ↑ a b Stefan Bach, Hermann Buslei: Fiskalische Wirkungen einer Reform der Ehegattenbesteuerung, Wochenbericht des DIW Berlin 22/03&lt;br /&gt;2. ↑ Stefan Bach: Ehegattensplitting und mehr, DIW, Seite 6&lt;br /&gt;3. ↑ “Ehepaare werden zusammen veranlagt…“ - § 26 des Einkommensteuergesetzes in der Fassung vom 17. Januar 1952 - EStG 1951 - (BGBl. I S. 33)&lt;br /&gt;4. ↑ BVerfGE 6, 55 - Steuersplitting - Beschluss vom 17. Januar 1957&lt;br /&gt;5. ↑ Christa Stewens: Ehegatten-Splitting muss bleiben, 14. Juni 2006&lt;br /&gt;6. ↑ a b Carl-Ludwig Thiele: FDP fordert familienfreundliche Steuerpolitik (PDF), 5. August 2005&lt;br /&gt;7. ↑ FDP: Antrag: Steuerklasse V abschaffen – Lohnsteuerabzug neu ordnen / Drucksache 16/3649, Deutscher Bundestag, 29. November 2006&lt;br /&gt;8. ↑ Johannes Singhammer: Ehegattensplitting ist unverzichtbar, 14. Juni 2006&lt;br /&gt;9. ↑ Bundestagsfraktion Bündnis 90/Die Grünen: Moderne Individualbesteuerung einführen , 30. Mai 2006&lt;br /&gt;10. ↑ Andreas Schuster: Wie soll mehr Geld in die Kassen kommen? – Zum Umgang mit dem Steuerkonzept der PDS, Februar 2005&lt;br /&gt;11. ↑ Frankfurter Rundschau: „Wir brauchen eine Politik, die alle Kinder fördert“, 15. Mai 2007&lt;br /&gt;12. ↑ vgl. exemplarisch Christine Hohmann-Dennhardt im Interview&lt;br /&gt;Felix Berth: Interview - „Der Gesetzgeber hat Spielraum“, Süddeutsche Zeitung, 20.6.2006, S. 8&lt;br /&gt;13. ↑ siehe Steuersplitting III BVerfGE 61, 319&lt;br /&gt;14. ↑ Siehe z.B. die Pressemitteilung des Bundesvorstands der GRÜNEN JUGEND vom 25.02.2006&lt;br /&gt;15. ↑ BVerfGE 61, 319&lt;br /&gt;16. ↑ Frankfurter Rundschau:"Wir brauchen eine Politik, die alle Kinder fördert"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kategorien: Steuerrecht  Familienpolitik  Ehe // Powered by MediaWiki Wikimedia Foundation. Diese Seite wurde zuletzt am 28. August 2007 um 08:51 Uhr geändert. Ihr Inhalt steht unter der GNU-Lizenz für freie Dokumentation. Wikipedia® ist eine eingetragene Marke der Wikimedia Foundation Inc.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;// Satzgestalterische Änderungen wurden zum Teil nachträglich vorgenommen.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;it's the economy, stupid.&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8609400255966489729-6861496202207041676?l=stress-root.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://stress-root.blogspot.com/feeds/6861496202207041676/comments/default' title='Kommentare zum Post'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8609400255966489729&amp;postID=6861496202207041676' title='0 Kommentare'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8609400255966489729/posts/default/6861496202207041676'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8609400255966489729/posts/default/6861496202207041676'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://stress-root.blogspot.com/2007/09/mdchen-sind-google-jungen-sind-yahoo.html' title='Mädchen sind Google, Jungen sind Yahoo'/><author><name>root</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01605959663627661585</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='20' src='http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1385/1059788983_4ab255c933.jpg?v=0'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://bp2.blogger.com/_Q3W9T8fMXuU/RvKfQoN0m2I/AAAAAAAAACo/WO3vqXmW3hw/s72-c/Weather_Man.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8609400255966489729.post-3990166351042909935</id><published>2007-09-12T13:52:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-06-27T17:17:45.353-07:00</updated><title type='text'>the "it" and how to get it</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp0.blogger.com/_Q3W9T8fMXuU/RvF6NYN0mzI/AAAAAAAAACQ/H8la8B8dn3A/s1600-h/shallow_grave.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp0.blogger.com/_Q3W9T8fMXuU/RvF6NYN0mzI/AAAAAAAAACQ/H8la8B8dn3A/s400/shallow_grave.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5112001422299536178" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;On the importance of understanding organizational culture&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; /&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When I was an MBA student, as part of a management course I had the opportunity to conduct a "culture assessment" at the organization where I was working. The organization was somewhat new to me--I had been hired as a senior manager only a year before--and the ability to quantify and analyze the organizational culture was a new concept to me.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As an employee in any type of organization can attest, organizational culture is as prevalent and as varied as individuals themselves. Organizational culture is enduring and complex, and may have both a positive and a negative effect on the staff and the workplace. In many ways culture will determine the survival of an organization over the long term, especially in volatile industries.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Cultures that can be a liability to an organization include those that create barriers to change, create barriers to diversity or barriers to mergers and acquisitions. (Stephen P. Robbins. Organizational Behavior, 8th ed., 602-603.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Understanding the organizational culture can help you to understand why change does not take place, or why a project fails. It will also help you to determine where to strive to make changes to the culture.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As managers and library leaders, why do we need to get a sense of the prevailing organizational culture? It is essential to understand the organizational culture if you want to make changes to how work is done, what type of work is being done, or at the broadest level, to affect the organization's standing in its industry. Understanding the culture and, as required, changing it, can mean the difference between attracting and retaining good employees and driving away the best employees with an environment that doesn't encourage, challenge, or reward them.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The organizational culture assessment that I participated in didn't provide any surprises regarding the existing culture--most people with any level of sensitivity can get a sense of what type of culture is prevalent in an organization. What was surprising were the results from the survey to determine what type of culture staff would prefer to see the organization develop.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As background, the organization had just gone through a major change. The executive director had departed after 20 years; there had been a period of several months with an acting ED followed by a new, external ED appointment. The assessment took place only a month after the new ED was in position.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Types of Culture&lt;/span&gt; / The assessment we used to assess the organization's culture used questions that sought to determine and enumerate such organizational traits as symbols (such as images, things, events), organizational-espoused values and beliefs (for example, the mission statement, constitution, espoused goals of the ED, slogans). Then the espoused beliefs and values were compared with the symbols and culture identified through the written survey and staff interviews.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The written survey asked staff to answer questions related to the current culture and then asked how they would like to see the culture change. Responses were tabulated to determine which type of culture existed among the four metrics of organizational culture: hierarchy, adhocracy, clan, and market.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The hierarchy aspect of an organization refers to how structured, inflexible, and process-driven an organization is in the way it operates. At the opposite end of the scale, adhocracy refers to how flexible, informal, innovative, and dynamic an organization is. A clan culture supports a very friendly and social environment in which to work, while a market culture is often found in organizations that are results-oriented and sales-driven.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The assessment determined that the existing culture was very hierarchical and quite clannish. The staff also indicated, through the anonymous written survey, that they would prefer the culture to be more adhocratic and less hierarchical, while at the same time being slightly more market culture and clannish. This showed the positive and optimistic view of the staff towards change.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The process I used for assessing the culture involved conducting group employee interviews and written staff surveys, followed by analysis of the information. Staff responded to a series of prompts and questions regarding organizational symbols, organizational-espoused values, and beliefs. These responses were analyzed, creating a pattern showing comparisons between espoused belief/values (in the form of phrases or statements) with their associated symbols (both positive and negative), and related culture types (hierarchy, adhocracy, clan, and market).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;For a new leader or manager, understanding the organizational culture that is in place is essential for success in providing direction, especially when the direction is different from what has come before. Are staff willing and eager to take on new challenges and to follow a new direction, or will they provide passive or active resistance to any changes? What is important to people today, based on their view of where the organization is and where it should be? Where are there disconnects between espoused values, such as the mission statement, and the over symbols and culture type?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;For example, if the organization's mission is to provide expert customer service, yet the strong hierarchical structure means that employees are not empowered to assist customers by providing creative solutions or don't have the required authority to provide responses or results, there is a disconnect.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The organization that I surveyed was eager to see positive change and the time was right for providing impetus to staff to follow a new path. The assessment can reveal the opposite, however, which is just as valuable to managers or library leaders. If there is resistance to change, if the espoused values of the organization don't match with the staff perceptions and prevailing culture, you must try to change the culture or change the objectives and mission to reflect reality.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Ask the Staff&lt;/span&gt; / From interviews and surveys, staff will provide a variety of examples of symbols that reflect particular cultures. For example, symbols that might reflect a clan culture might include: coffee parties, potlucks, Halloween parties, postcards from staff trips, gifts from patrons. Symbols that indicate a hierarchical culture could include procedures manuals, statistics, stability, structure, and insistence on punctuality, accuracy, respect, politeness, privacy, efficiency. From these examples, you can quickly get a sense of the types of symbols you could attribute to our own organization's culture.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As a library manager, it may not be possible for you to change the organization's overarching culture. Understanding the culture, however--especially if you want to adapt your departmental culture to create a more positive culture--is possible. Departmental cultures may differ greatly in organizations, depending on the leaders and the staff within those departments. You may not be able to have an effect on the organization overall, depending on your position in the organization and how large it is, but with work you will be able to make a difference at the library level.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Some ways that you can try to change the organizational culture include reviewing the mission and vision for the library with the staff to ensure that they are accurate. If changes are needed to reflect the reality of what you want to do and what you can do, then do so. For a start, make sure that departmental statements and staff actions reflect the type of culture you want.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;For example, to increase the market culture, try increasing the measurements of service activities and have staff involved in developing metrics and outcomes for services (as part of the performance management system, for example).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Reward staff of particular service areas who respond to changes in customer demands through developing new programs or services. To reduce hierarchical culture, for example, begin by empowering staff to provide suggestions and to help implement their new ideas. You should also empower staff to make more decisions for their own areas of expertise.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As the library leader, you should always be aware of your actions and model the behavior you expect of your staff. Ensure that the statements you make are consistent with the values and the symbols of the culture you would like to develop. You may not be able to change the overall organizational culture immediately, but the positive results and positive impact at the departmental level should have some level of spill-over effect onto other departments. Moreover, it will make it a more pleasant culture for you and for your staff to be working in.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;/ By Debbie Schachter. Debbie Schachter has a master's degree in library science and a master's degree in business administration. She is the associate executive director of the Jewish Family Service Agency in Vancouver, British Columbia, where she is responsible for financial management, human resources, database and IT systems, and grant application management. Schachter has more than 15 years' experience in management and supervision, technology planning and support, in a variety of nonprofit and for-profit settings. She can be reached at dschachter@jfsa.ca.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;// Copyright 2005 Special Libraries Association, Copyright 2005 Gale Group&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;it's the economy, stupid.&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8609400255966489729-3990166351042909935?l=stress-root.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://stress-root.blogspot.com/feeds/3990166351042909935/comments/default' title='Kommentare zum Post'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8609400255966489729&amp;postID=3990166351042909935' title='0 Kommentare'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8609400255966489729/posts/default/3990166351042909935'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8609400255966489729/posts/default/3990166351042909935'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://stress-root.blogspot.com/2007/09/it-and-how-to-get-it.html' title='the &quot;it&quot; and how to get it'/><author><name>root</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01605959663627661585</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='20' src='http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1385/1059788983_4ab255c933.jpg?v=0'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://bp0.blogger.com/_Q3W9T8fMXuU/RvF6NYN0mzI/AAAAAAAAACQ/H8la8B8dn3A/s72-c/shallow_grave.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8609400255966489729.post-1210607033767520895</id><published>2007-09-11T13:51:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-02-12T06:02:06.385-08:00</updated><title type='text'>the "it" and how to get rid of it</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp2.blogger.com/_Q3W9T8fMXuU/RvF7N4N0m0I/AAAAAAAAACY/O1Mir9eoz7g/s1600-h/Drugstore_Cowboy.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp2.blogger.com/_Q3W9T8fMXuU/RvF7N4N0m0I/AAAAAAAAACY/O1Mir9eoz7g/s400/Drugstore_Cowboy.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5112002530401098562" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;A boy from the islands ... &lt;/span&gt;- &lt;/span&gt;Growing up in a white English family on the Orkneys gave the author Luke Sutherland an unusual identity crisis. What was more important? His colour, his culture or the right trousers?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A man wearing a Robert Burns T-shirt walks into a pub and orders a pint. 'Robert Burns?' a voice inquires. The man turns, and there, at his side, finds a slightly bedraggled, very dreadlocked and definitely black chap. Taken aback, the man glances round the room, gathers himself and says: 'Eh, yeah. Scottish poet.' The dreadlocked one nods, leans forward and in a quiet but tremulous Ayrshire brogue says:&lt;br /&gt;Wee sleekit, cow'rin' tim'rous beastie&lt;br /&gt;Oh what a panic's in thy breastie!&lt;br /&gt;Thou need na start awa sae hasty,&lt;br /&gt;Wi bickerin' brattle!&lt;br /&gt;I wad be laith tae run and chase thee&lt;br /&gt;Wi murderin' pattle!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The man's eyes glaze, his jaw sags. This is the opening verse of 'To a Mouse', one of Burns's best-known poems. 'Jings!' he exclaims. 'Has the Bard made it all the way to Jamaica?'&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Something like the above took place in Ladbroke Grove a couple of years ago. I know - I was the black chap. And while it's possible there are Burns societies in the Caribbean, I didn't learn his works there. What the man couldn't have known, was that when I was 10 I won a prize for recitation of 'To a Mouse' in a school competition in Orkney.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;My family moved to the Orkneys from Lincolnshire in 1976. Mum had been offered a good job and it seemed an idyllic setting in which to bring up kids. With hindsight, a family like ours - white parents, one white child, one Asian child, two black children - was always going to attract attention in any community, but it was only when we arrived in the village of St Margaret's Hope on the island of South Ronaldsay that I began to fully appreciate how apparently different we were.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There wasn't much to St Margaret's Hope. It was a no-frills village that made few concessions to fashion, a stance borne out by the utilitarian ring of its place names. The Back Road was behind the Front Road; the Church Road had a church on it; the School Brae had a school at the top of it; the Pier Road, a pier at the end of it; the village café was called the Café; the Cromarty Square was home to the Cromarty Hall; the burn that flowed through the centre was called, the Burn.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Front Road was all that lay between our house and the sea. Lincolnshire's mild Englishness had done nothing to prepare me for Orkney's wildly temperamental elements. Storms blew up out of nowhere, midnight at midday as thunderheads bore down on the chimney tops. I'd stand on the quayside marvelling at my own insignificance as explosions of sunlight set the seafront aglitter, and tumultuous waves sent boats rollercoasting round the bay.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hills ringed round the village were treeless. A walk to the top of the highest of them revealed all the islands to be similarly bare, their names, still ringing with the Old Norse, a mystery to me: Switha, Glimps Holm, Papa Westray, Hoy. Awesome, beautiful and numinous though it was, my new home had a terrifying downside.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Shortly before I started school, I was playing in the back yard when a blond-haired boy called out to me in a beautiful singsong voice: 'Black cunt.' Black. I knew what that meant. Brown would have been more accurate, but why pick hairs? 'Cunt' I'd never heard before. But it sounded enough like currant for me to suppose it was an Orcadian take on that word. I worked through the implications. A currant is dried fruit. Food. So by calling me a cunt, he was saying something like: You're a peach! or You're a good egg! What hospitality, I thought. How vociferously extended!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On the first day of school, I found out exactly what a black cunt was. My (white) sister, Paisley, and I had hardly stepped through the gates when all hell broke loose. Dozens of kids rushed us. I lost Paisley in the mêlée. So many boys, some three times my size, dancing, hooting, pointing, screaming with gleeful fury: 'Black bastard! Sambo! Nig nog! Mohammad Ali! Rupert the Bear!' Rupert the Bear? There was no uniform, but Mum felt that jeans, worn by so many of the other kids, were just a bit too street so she'd sent me to school in some Rupert-the-Bear-style checked trousers. I was chased from one end of the playground to the other. Fists flew. The boy with the singsong voice turned out to be a sadistic psychopath. He and his mates trounced me on waste ground behind the Portakabin that doubled as the primary six classroom and gym hall. Tipped off by an already loyal few, Paisley charged to my rescue. She launched herself at the blond boy, jumped on his back, hauled him off me and ran for her life. Freed at last, I did likewise. We reached home that afternoon, battered, breathless, mud-spattered. Paisley took Mum aside and told her: 'You're going to have to buy Luke a pair of jeans.'&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Denim became my armour. I buried my head in books. Thereafter, the most pressing of my problems stemmed from a handful of older boys. Whenever they swooped - as they very often did - swarms of kids, otherwise silent or civil, would swell their ranks and cheer them on. Anyone with distinguishing features was at risk; pity the lazy-eyed, the hook-nosed, the buck-toothed, the bespectacled. But the real acid of island bile was reserved for a group, the mere whiff of which, seemed able to reduce even the most moderate Orcadian to fits of rage - the English. Exasperated by the strictures of modern urban life, some clinging to withering hippy ideals of getting back to nature, self-sufficiency and even earth magick, they'd come to Orkney in their hundreds, seeking nothing less than Elysium. Oh the dismay when they realised that the natives weren't quite the noble savages they'd imagined. For a sizeable minority, back to nature meant sending any foreigner to an early grave, self-sufficiency boiled down to driving yourself home when you were too legless to walk, while earth magick referred to the antics of mischievous sprites who'd surface every Halloween to throw fireworks through your windows, scrawl graffiti on your walls and execute your pets with airguns.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Not only was my family a miniature melting pot, we hailed from England. What saved us from the worst was my parents' nationality - they are both (lowland) Scottish - and their value to the community. As a health visitor, Mum tended to all the young mums (and some of the young guns), and if anyone needed their eyes tested, chances were they'd go to see my dad in Kirkwall. Not that their standing was a guarantee of immunity; they themselves were harangued by other mothers and fathers, appalled that they'd adopted black kids.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Elsewhere, hospitality was overwhelming. Every once in a while, guests would drop by the house to help out or say hello. When we ran out of gas one Christmas Day, a neighbour brought us a fresh canister (which he fitted) and a chicken (which he plucked and gutted). Fishermen would leave excess catch on our doorstep. There were those who openly hoped we adopted kids would stay on and marry islanders.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Over time I managed to make in-roads with the boys a rung down from the out-and-out bullies. They were wild cards, quick to turn, but if I wanted easier passage, I'd have to get to know them. Boom boxes blazing with AC/DC and Queen, their ages ranging from eight to 18, they'd congregate by the pier next to our house, drinking, smoking, spitting and swearing. I couldn't afford to let my guard down for a second, so drinking was out from the off - the beer tasted like dishwater anyway - and as an asthmatic, smoking was suicide. But I became an above-average spitter, and an enthusiastic swearer. Between drinking binges and spitting competitions, we'd fish off the end of the pier, play Space Invaders at the Café, row boats out into the bay where we'd sunbathe to soundtracks of deafening metal. Every once in a while, a collective madness would take hold, the air fizzing with out-of-season fireworks, bullets, boulders and flames. I came out of the house one night to find a commotion on the Front Road, boys zipping up and down on their bikes, screaming with almost hysterical excitement. Along the street, I saw the reason for their joy. One of the older boys, known for being something of a loner, a killer of crabs, a murderer of birds, had nailed a 12-pound cod to the door of a shed and was using it as an archery target. While his bow was a professional-issue model, his arrow - rough-hewn, flightless, as thick as the butt of a pool cue - was defiantly homemade.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;At Halloween this madness was visited upon our family and other select residents. I always hoped my association with the in-crowd would inspire some loyalty, but it never did. More often than not, I'd play the part of silent spectator while armies of darkness bombarded our house.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I developed an intense ambivalence about Orkney and its people. On one hand I felt very much a native and was treated as such, while on the other, I was denied the possibility of real integration because of my perceived otherness. Books I'd used as a means of escape became central to my efforts to find a context for myself. I delved into local history, sagas, mythology and science and found proof of a fragmented world populated by anomalies. Laws governing culture, nationality, race, and sometimes, even physics, crumbled as stories wove themselves into the day to day. Orkney, with its stone circles, tombs and scuttled battleships, was a land of living myth, home to heroes, saints and shape-shifting selkies.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Magick was never far away. One autumn afternoon, as our class was preparing for assembly, one friend - who'd abstained from taking part on the grounds of his religious denomination - promised me he'd summon an almighty shower of hail. We filed into the gym hall and began our hymn singing. Two minutes in, something cracked against the window. Singers exchanged glances. Someone mouthed the word 'Hail', and what sounded like a few thousand tons of the stuff was promptly dumped on top of us. Every voice succumbed to the thundering. The Portakabin shuddered as though angels were throwing a rowdy ceilidh on the roof.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Many of the men and boys who roamed this magickal island were equally mythic. There were those able to drink their own bodyweight in beer; concrete-stomached fishermen who took to sea without lifejackets or swimming lessons in the hope they'd die quickly if pitched overboard; coiffured boy-racers in souped-up Escorts and Cortinas, who thought nothing of racing across the Churchill Barriers in the face of 40-foot waves. George Mackay Brown sums up the lives of these supermen in his book, An Orkney Tapestry:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Once he disputed&lt;br /&gt;The Kame with an eagle,&lt;br /&gt;His two lambs&lt;br /&gt;Fluttering on a sea ledge...&lt;br /&gt;That storm in [18]'75&lt;br /&gt;When Swift and Dolphin drowned&lt;br /&gt;He beached in Lewis&lt;br /&gt;Up to the thwart in haddocks...&lt;br /&gt;In jail twice&lt;br /&gt;For drunk fighting...&lt;br /&gt;Twelve bairns called him da&lt;br /&gt;In Flotta and Hoy.&lt;br /&gt;Three sat at his lawful table...&lt;br /&gt;And he broke six rocks&lt;br /&gt;Before his plough&lt;br /&gt;Stitched on the bog and heather and stone of Moorfea&lt;br /&gt;One green square...&lt;br /&gt;He was at the whaling a winter...&lt;br /&gt;An old silver man&lt;br /&gt;He reads his bible now&lt;br /&gt;And yawns a bit.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Luckily my dad was made of similar stuff. Telepathy, star-sign synchronicity, whatever, his brand of divine intervention worked. I can think of a few occasions on which Paisley and/or I had our backs to the wall and Dad would appear, something quite heroic in all balding, bearded five-foot four of him. Close my eyes and I see bullies flung headfirst into snowdrifts, lynch mobs fleeing at the advancing echo of his footsteps. This mingling of history, myth and modernity was the lifeblood of my primary six teacher. A bushy-bearded man-mountain who considered the English the Auld Enemy, he regaled us with tales of William Wallace, Robert the Bruce and the continuing wars of independence. I identified with the Scottish cause, bristled with a measure of patriotic pride, struggled with what seemed to me to be a glaring contradiction: why were these people, so acquainted with the trauma of being trampled underfoot, so quick to savage me?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The man-mountain turned us on to the poetry of Robert Burns. I took his lyrics to heart - 'Scots Wha Hae', 'To a Mouse', 'A Man's a Man For A' That' - winning prizes for my recitals. Armed with a recorder, I reduced locals to blubbering ruin during school concerts with solo renditions of Bright Eyes and the theme from The Deer Hunter. Meanwhile, Dad plied me with a diet of new sounds - Stravinsky, Louis Armstrong, David Munro - perfect complement to the likes of Blondie, Gary Numan and Michael Jackson who dominated the radio.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But as quickly as my horizons expanded, they'd shrink. Everyone watched Alex Haley's TV series Roots. For anyone with an agenda, here were my roots, my history and my culture, not to mention a brand-new epithet: nigger. The connectedness I felt to Orkney counted for little. Informed by precious few precedents, views I encountered could be blinkered, but I played up to them in a gruelling attempt to avoid persecution. As I was watching Tiswas one morning, Lenny Henry, wearing a phallic beanie, leapt onto the screen and bellowed: 'OOOO-KAAAYYYY!' Cereal stuck in my throat. A premonition of the inevitable knock-on had me trying frantically to nail the nuances of the catchphrase. Burns was no problem, I could even muster a decent Orcadian accent, but this West Indian caricature was utterly beyond me. Hours later, everyone was at it: skinny, white boys, descendants of Vikings, barking pitch-perfect Caribbean patois. Whenever I tried to match them, they'd fall about laughing, whether 'with' me, or at the unfathomable inferiority of my impersonation, I was never quite sure.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I expended all my energy deflecting attention by telling racist jokes and daring more than even the most deranged headcases. Any night of the week, I could be seen scarpering from scenes of carnage and arson, my tiny Afro a beacon among a dozen golden mullets. Word got back to Mum. She fielded my hooliganism with a dizzying mix of wrath and compassion. The ferocity with which she'd protect us was as frightening as it was inspiring. She'd face down crazies without breaking sweat and could bring you to your knees with pure patience.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;And then everything changed. My first year at the grammar school in Kirkwall was a revelation. I made new friends for whom my blackness was only slightly more remarkable than the sky's blueness. My grades improved. Our football team crawled back up the league finishing fourth. A teacher saw me playing and asked me to run on school sports day. I won the 100 and 200 metres in my football boots. One of my most persistent bullies ceased hostilities with the words: 'It's just a tan.' All this and parties galore crowned by a show-stopping robotics routine and my first full-on kiss.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Almost without warning, it was over. Just as my life was beginning to improve, we moved away. At the time, I didn't want to leave. Looking back now, it was the right thing to do. Twenty years on, I'm pining again. Orkney might have finished me, but instead it made me. I miss it.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;/ By Luke Sutherland, Sunday March 14, 2004, Observer.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;// guardian.co.uk © Guardian News and Media Limited 2008&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;it's the economy, stupid.&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8609400255966489729-1210607033767520895?l=stress-root.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://stress-root.blogspot.com/feeds/1210607033767520895/comments/default' title='Kommentare zum Post'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8609400255966489729&amp;postID=1210607033767520895' title='0 Kommentare'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8609400255966489729/posts/default/1210607033767520895'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8609400255966489729/posts/default/1210607033767520895'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://stress-root.blogspot.com/2007/09/it-and-how-to-get-rid-of-it.html' title='the &quot;it&quot; and how to get rid of it'/><author><name>root</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01605959663627661585</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='20' src='http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1385/1059788983_4ab255c933.jpg?v=0'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://bp2.blogger.com/_Q3W9T8fMXuU/RvF7N4N0m0I/AAAAAAAAACY/O1Mir9eoz7g/s72-c/Drugstore_Cowboy.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8609400255966489729.post-5731274418609682258</id><published>2007-09-10T13:51:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-06-27T17:19:29.439-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Four</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp2.blogger.com/_Q3W9T8fMXuU/RwvGvlsPA2I/AAAAAAAAAFc/9PEbMSUfl2E/s1600-h/money_basics_mod.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://bp2.blogger.com/_Q3W9T8fMXuU/RwvGvlsPA2I/AAAAAAAAAFc/9PEbMSUfl2E/s400/money_basics_mod.gif" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5119403922310497122" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;companies and organisations rely on good idea management to learn about their success and failures. there are four major areas of failure:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;1. on-time delivery&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;successful project implementations rely on each team member delivering his or her assignments on time. through the records that we kept the design team can review a previous project and learn what error(s) occured at what stage(s) and what / who's unit was or were responsible. before starting a project, team leaders must have a clear time line for the project &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; deadlines for &lt;em&gt;each&lt;/em&gt; stage. reviewing precious records will assist the team members to get a sense of what they will face and help them deliver assignments on time for the project.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;2. productivity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;through the use of records the design team also can identify which unit(s) failed to produce assigned work and experienced low performance. the design team must carefully define the meaning of "productivity", which varies from organisation to organisation. for example productivity may mean revenue at for-profit organisations, where it may be measured by the output of each employee, e. g. the volume of product for factory workers, articles for writers, etc.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;3. employee turnover&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"xy would know how to do this if (s)he were still here." perhaps, you may have heard something like this at work. companies need to use idea management to maintain knowledge contributed by employees. each employee makes unique contributions to an organisation and that wisdom is accumulated over years of work. idea management is even more important when companies have a high turnover of employees.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;4. cost saving and revenue generating&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;as a result of good idea management companies &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; organisations can review their records to examine the cost effects of previous projects. the purpose of the review is to eliminate redundant steps and personnel, to increase organizational efficiency, and to spend the necessary budgets in all areas. on the other hand, companies can bring in more revenue through successful asset management by repurposing products. for example, film and music companies often release new versions of old movies and sound recordings, especially those enhanced by digital technologies. another example is the auto industry's relaunching of vintage automobiles. through assett management, companies can rediscover the value of their long-forgotten products.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;/ &lt;em&gt;scenarios and information design&lt;/em&gt; by mary lynn rice-lively &amp;amp; hsin-liang chen.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;it's the economy, stupid.&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8609400255966489729-5731274418609682258?l=stress-root.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://stress-root.blogspot.com/feeds/5731274418609682258/comments/default' title='Kommentare zum Post'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8609400255966489729&amp;postID=5731274418609682258' title='0 Kommentare'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8609400255966489729/posts/default/5731274418609682258'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8609400255966489729/posts/default/5731274418609682258'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://stress-root.blogspot.com/2007/09/four.html' title='Four'/><author><name>root</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01605959663627661585</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='20' src='http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1385/1059788983_4ab255c933.jpg?v=0'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://bp2.blogger.com/_Q3W9T8fMXuU/RwvGvlsPA2I/AAAAAAAAAFc/9PEbMSUfl2E/s72-c/money_basics_mod.gif' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8609400255966489729.post-5504810279386484881</id><published>2007-09-09T13:51:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-07-11T18:33:57.684-07:00</updated><title type='text'>on the rhetoric of the next big thing (supplement)</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp2.blogger.com/_Q3W9T8fMXuU/SHgD8V5r6aI/AAAAAAAAAIE/ZCZGApGOp2M/s1600-h/systemohneschatten.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://bp2.blogger.com/_Q3W9T8fMXuU/SHgD8V5r6aI/AAAAAAAAAIE/ZCZGApGOp2M/s400/systemohneschatten.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5221928103142222242" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; ... // the next big thing is the recurring promise of a new typology that will deliver greater profits and higher consumer satisfaction. shopping experts believe that the right architecture can make a difference in optimizing the retail environment. yet the tacit understanding of the the next big thing is that typology's potential is always short-lived, directly discrediting architecture's conviction that type and permanence go hand in hand. no single type can sustain the new performance demands identified by the face-paced science of shopping. in the world of commercial development, the urgency with which a type is embraced is directly proportional to the inevitability of its obsolescence.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;an example / &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;trumpets&lt;br /&gt;i can hear trumpets&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;solipsism&lt;br /&gt;euphemism&lt;br /&gt;pessimism&lt;br /&gt;pointilism&lt;br /&gt;flagellism&lt;br /&gt;nihilism&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;urizel o urizel&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;negativism&lt;br /&gt;positivism&lt;br /&gt;legalism&lt;br /&gt;asinism&lt;br /&gt;cynicism&lt;br /&gt;terrorism&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;urizel o urizel&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;jurism&lt;br /&gt;tourism&lt;br /&gt;neologism&lt;br /&gt;imperialism&lt;br /&gt;cleverism&lt;br /&gt;criticism&lt;br /&gt;cataphatacism&lt;br /&gt;apophatacism&lt;br /&gt;dogmatism&lt;br /&gt;apologeticism&lt;br /&gt;schism&lt;br /&gt;baptism&lt;br /&gt;christening&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;bells. i can hear bells.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;conservatism&lt;br /&gt;liberalism&lt;br /&gt;centrism&lt;br /&gt;socialism&lt;br /&gt;communalism&lt;br /&gt;leninism&lt;br /&gt;marxism&lt;br /&gt;maotseism&lt;br /&gt;communism&lt;br /&gt;trotskyism&lt;br /&gt;fidelism&lt;br /&gt;facism&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;sunder here navy man&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;scofistism&lt;br /&gt;kenosisism&lt;br /&gt;pneumatologism&lt;br /&gt;theandricism&lt;br /&gt;synergism&lt;br /&gt;monothelitism&lt;br /&gt;nestorianism&lt;br /&gt;sacerdotalism&lt;br /&gt;theurgism&lt;br /&gt;ecclesiasticalism&lt;br /&gt;eucharisticism&lt;br /&gt;episcopalianism&lt;br /&gt;hesychasticism&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaah&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;remain in hell, without despair&lt;br /&gt;o urizel&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;stop!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;i am resplendent in divergence&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;it's the economy, stupid.&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8609400255966489729-5504810279386484881?l=stress-root.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://stress-root.blogspot.com/feeds/5504810279386484881/comments/default' title='Kommentare zum Post'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8609400255966489729&amp;postID=5504810279386484881' title='0 Kommentare'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8609400255966489729/posts/default/5504810279386484881'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8609400255966489729/posts/default/5504810279386484881'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://stress-root.blogspot.com/2007/09/on-rhetoric-of-next-big-thing.html' title='on the rhetoric of the next big thing (supplement)'/><author><name>root</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01605959663627661585</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='33' height='20' src='http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1385/1059788983_4ab255c933.jpg?v=0'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://bp2.blogger.com/_Q3W9T8fMXuU/SHgD8V5r6aI/AAAAAAAAAIE/ZCZGApGOp2M/s72-c/systemohneschatten.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>
